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Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
Amebiasis01:28

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Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
Diversity of Protists IV01:27

Diversity of Protists IV

Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...

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Published on: October 27, 2013

Blastocystis, an Enigmatic Parasite.

José Cebrián-Carmona1, José Antonio Garrido-Cárdenas2, Concepción Mesa-Valle2

  • 1Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, 04120, Spain. jcc851@ual.es.

Acta Parasitologica
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Blastocystis spp., a common human gut microbe, has a controversial clinical role. Research shows a shift from basic diagnosis to molecular and clinical studies, highlighting host-parasite interactions.

Keywords:
Blastocystis spp.Bibliometric analysisMicrobiota.Molecular epidemiologyPCR and sequencingSubtypes (STs)

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Microbiology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Blastocystis spp. is the most common human enteric protist, with debated clinical significance and zoonotic potential.
  • Over 42 subtypes exist, with ST1-ST4 most frequent in human infections.
  • Despite extensive research, its pathogenicity and ecological roles remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global scientific production on Blastocystis spp.
  • To assess temporal trends, geographic distribution, leading contributors, and thematic evolution of Blastocystis spp. research.
  • To understand the research trajectory from classical diagnosis to modern molecular and ecological approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric analysis of 3710 publications from 1917 to 2025 using the Scopus database.
  • Keyword normalization and classification into five research categories: diagnosis, molecular, genetics, clinical/epidemiology, and microbiota.
  • Co-occurrence analysis to identify research contexts, such as polyparasitism and coinfections.

Main Results:

  • A steady increase and acceleration in publications since the late 1980s (11.56% CAGR, 1988-2025).
  • Research evolution from microscopy-based diagnosis to PCR/sequencing for subtype identification and phylogeny.
  • Significant expansion in clinical/epidemiological studies and emergence of microbiota research since 2010.

Conclusions:

  • Blastocystis spp. research has transformed into a multidisciplinary field.
  • The field integrates molecular, clinical, and ecological approaches.
  • Context-dependent models are needed to understand host-parasite-microbiota interactions.