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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
10:00

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Published on: March 10, 2023

Crystal Phase Engineering Accelerates Hydrogen Reverse Spillover for Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Production.

Jun Zhang1, Xiaoyu Chen2, Bin Wu3

  • 1Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Phase engineering of catalyst supports is crucial for enhancing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Monoclinic zirconium dioxide (m-ZrO2) supports significantly boost ruthenium nanocluster performance in HER catalysis.

Keywords:
ElectrocatalystHydrogen productionPhase engineeringSeawater electrolysisZirconium dioxide

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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
06:32

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
06:32

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Phase engineering of catalyst supports is vital for optimizing electrocatalytic reactions.
  • The role of catalyst support crystal phase in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is underexplored.
  • Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) offers tunable phases (monoclinic and tetragonal) for catalyst support applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of monoclinic (m-ZrO2) and tetragonal (t-ZrO2) phases of zirconium dioxide as supports for ruthenium (Ru) nanoclusters in HER.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which support phase influences hydrogen migration and electrocatalytic activity.
  • To develop high-performance electrocatalysts for water splitting applications.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic investigation of Ru nanoclusters supported on m-ZrO2 and t-ZrO2.
  • Utilized spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to analyze metal-support interactions.
  • Electrocatalytic performance testing in various electrolytes and integrated water electrolyzer setup.

Main Results:

  • Ru@m-ZrO2/C demonstrated superior HER activity, achieving 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 28 mV in 1 M KOH.
  • Achieved a mass activity 45 times higher than commercial Pt/C.
  • Exhibited excellent stability in alkaline simulated seawater and in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (1.0 A cm-2 at 1.76 V for >300 h).

Conclusions:

  • Electronic metal-support interactions and work function differences between Ru and m-ZrO2 accelerate water dissociation and hydrogen spillover.
  • Support phase engineering is a critical strategy for designing advanced electrocatalysts for efficient water splitting.
  • The Ru@m-ZrO2/C catalyst shows significant potential for industrial applications in hydrogen production.