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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing
06:42

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Published on: August 25, 2022

Pre-shot strategy selection and scoring performance in golf.

Guowen Ai1, Taihe Liang2, Xianfei Wang1

  • 1Institute of Physical Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Golfers deviating towards aggressive tee shots on dogleg holes tend to score higher. Individual decision-making variations, rather than stable player types, better predict golf performance outcomes.

Keywords:
Bayesian analysisdecision makingecological dynamicsgolfmultilevel model

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Motor Control
  • Ecological Dynamics

Background:

  • Pre-shot strategy selection in golf, influenced by hole affordances, lacks empirical research on its link to scoring outcomes.
  • Ecological dynamics offers a framework to understand how golfers engage with the environment during decision-making.
  • Aggressive vs. conservative tee-shot decisions on dogleg holes represent different engagements with the affordance landscape.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between aggressive versus conservative tee-shot decisions and scoring outcomes in amateur golfers.
  • To investigate how scoring outcomes relate to strategy engagement both within and between individual players.
  • To apply within-between decomposition to differentiate situational decision-making from stable player tendencies.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty-one male university golfers (handicap M=25.99) played three dogleg holes, declaring aggressive or conservative tee-shot strategies.
  • Total strokes per hole were recorded and converted to score-to-par.
  • A Bayesian multilevel model with within-between decomposition analyzed 243 observations to separate player tendencies from situational variations.

Main Results:

  • Within-player deviations toward aggressive decisions were credibly associated with higher scores (approx. 0.5 strokes per hole).
  • The between-player effect of stable strategic tendency on scoring was inconclusive.
  • Exploratory analysis suggested decision-performance association varied individually, with weaker players showing stronger associations.

Conclusions:

  • Situational, within-player decision variations were more informative than broad player-type classifications in this study.
  • Findings support the utility of within-between decomposition in analyzing sport decision-making.
  • Individualized approach to strategy and performance analysis is warranted in golf.