From ITO to metal-free alternatives: progress in all-organic transparent electrodes for next-generation organic solar...

The standard established by indium tin oxide (ITO) as the primary transparent conductive electrode (TCE) for organic solar cells (OSCs) operates because ITO maintains both exceptional electrical conductivity and optical transparency. The search for sustainable flexible materials emerged because indium presents problems through its brittle form and high cost and limited resource availability. The review delivers an all-inclusive summary of the latest advancements in metal-free all-organic transparent electrodes which serve as the foundation for upcoming OSCs. This review investigates three categories of organic TCEs which include conductive polymers and carbon-based materials and hybrid organic systems by demonstrating their design methods and optical-electronic characteristics and device integration capabilities. It focuses on three areas which include structure-property relationships and interfacial engineering and morphology control to achieve the best performance results. The research describes the stability problems which organic electrodes face through degradation by light and oxygen and moisture while presenting new methods for protection through encapsulation and chemical modification. The discussion centers on new techniques for producing scalable products which can function with both flexible and wearable electronic devices. The review establishes a systematic methodology to create environmentally friendly transparent electrodes which operate at high efficiency without metal content for modern organic optoelectronic technologies.