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Cervical Cancer Screening in Transition: Global Challenges and Local Realities
Altynshash Rakhat1, Gulzhanat Aimagambetova2,3
1School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
International Journal of Women'S Health
|July 13, 2026
Summary
Cervical cancer is a preventable global health issue, primarily caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Effective prevention involves HPV vaccination and HPV-based screening, including innovative self-sampling methods.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Oncology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Cervical cancer disproportionately affects women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
- Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer.
- The disease is largely preventable through vaccination and screening.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the natural history, epidemiology, and prevention of cervical cancer.
- To examine current and emerging cervical cancer screening practices.
- To discuss future perspectives in relation to the WHO's elimination strategy.
Main Methods:
- This is a narrative review of existing evidence.
- The review focuses on global patterns, regional contexts, and screening evolution.
- Key areas include cytology, HPV DNA testing, and self-sampling.
Main Results:
- Global cervical cancer incidence and mortality patterns are presented.
- The evolution of screening techniques from cytology to HPV DNA testing and self-sampling is detailed.
- The importance of primary and secondary prophylaxis is emphasized.
Conclusions:
- Cervical cancer prevention hinges on HPV vaccination and effective screening strategies.
- Innovative methods like HPV testing and self-sampling are crucial for elimination.
- The World Health Organization's elimination strategy provides a framework for future efforts.
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