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Related Experiment Video

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A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets
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Published on: December 5, 2014

Adaptive cognitive control in prospective memory.

Luke Strickland1, David Elliott2, Shayne Loft3

  • 1Future of Work Institute, Curtin University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive control shifts from proactive to reactive in prospective memory (PM) tasks as target events become less frequent. This study reveals how event frequency influences the balance between proactive and reactive control mechanisms in PM.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Prospective memory (PM) involves executing planned actions upon encountering specific target events.
  • The PM decision control (PMDC) model explains PM using dual cognitive control mechanisms: proactive and reactive.
  • Previous research suggests cognitive control strategies adapt based on task demands and target event frequency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the dual-mechanisms theory's prediction that cognitive control shifts from proactive to reactive as PM target frequency decreases.
  • To investigate how ongoing task practice and PM learning influence behavioral adaptation in response to varying target frequencies.
  • To examine the dynamics of proactive and reactive control across trials in event-based PM.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a lexical decision task (ongoing task) interspersed with blocks containing no PM targets, low (5%), or high (19%) frequency PM target trials.
  • A modified PMDC model was employed to analyze behavioral data, incorporating ongoing-task practice and PM learning dynamics.
  • Measures included PM accuracy and PM costs (ongoing-task slowing in PM conditions).

Main Results:

  • PM costs were observed only in the high-frequency condition, attributed to increased proactive control.
  • Initial PM accuracy was comparable across high and low frequencies, with a later advantage for lower frequencies.
  • Reactive control increased with target exposure, particularly in the low-frequency condition, while proactive control dominated the high-frequency condition.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms that cognitive control shifts from proactive to reactive strategies as the frequency of target events decreases in prospective memory tasks.
  • Findings support the dual-mechanisms theory and highlight the importance of considering across-trial dynamics and learning in PM research.
  • Behavioral adaptation in PM is significantly influenced by the interplay between target event frequency and the balance of cognitive control mechanisms.