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Published on: October 3, 2018
Autism-Related Information on Websites and General-Purpose Artificial Intelligence Chatbots: Comparative, Bilingual
Valentin Nădășan1, Ciprian-Rareș Păroiu2, Alexandra Neguțescu3
1Hygiene Department, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Mures County, Romania.
JMIR Formative Research
|July 13, 2026
Summary
Quality of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) information online varies by language and source. Websites are better in English, while chatbots provide more accurate answers to specific questions than broad queries.
Area of Science:
- Digital Health
- Health Informatics
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Background:
- Parents increasingly use online resources for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) information.
- The comparative quality of websites versus artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots for ASD information is underexplored.
- Language differences in information quality are also not well understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the completeness and accuracy of ASD information from websites and AI chatbots.
- To compare information quality between English and Romanian content.
- To evaluate chatbot performance using broad versus specific queries.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional evaluation of 25 English and 25 Romanian websites.
- Assessment of 5 popular AI chatbots (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Copilot, DeepSeek).
- Content benchmarked against a 24-item checklist for completeness and accuracy.
- Chatbots tested with single broad (A) and 24 item-specific (B) queries.
Main Results:
- English websites were more complete and accurate than Romanian websites.
- Chatbot performance did not significantly differ by language in broad queries.
- Item-specific queries significantly improved chatbot accuracy compared to broad queries.
- Chatbots showed higher accuracy than websites with item-specific questions.
Conclusions:
- Online ASD information quality varies by language and source type.
- Targeted questioning improves AI chatbot accuracy for ASD information.
- Findings suggest careful consideration of information source and query type.
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