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Related Experiment Videos

Immune-Related Adverse Events From Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Evidence-Based Management Review.

Fausto Petrelli¹, Lorenzo Dottorini¹, Mauro Rossitto¹

¹Oncology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio BG, Italy.

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

|July 13, 2026

Summary

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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) offer cancer benefits but cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Steroids are first-line, but refractory cases require advanced therapies like JAK inhibitors for better outcomes.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Pharmacology

Background:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are crucial in cancer therapy, improving patient outcomes.
However, ICIs can trigger immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting various organs.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current management strategies for irAEs.
To highlight emerging therapies and long-term considerations for irAEs.

Main Methods:

Literature review of irAE management protocols.
Analysis of treatment efficacy for refractory irAEs.
Discussion of long-term sequelae and ICI rechallenge.

Main Results:

Corticosteroids achieve remission in 70-85% of irAEs.

Keywords:

ICI rechallenge JAK inhibitors colitis corticosteroids immune checkpoint inhibitors immune-related adverse events immunosuppression mycophenolate mofetil myocarditis pneumonitis steroid-refractory toxicity management

Related Experiment Videos

20-40% of severe irAEs are steroid-refractory, necessitating alternative treatments.

Salvage therapies including JAK inhibitors show promise for refractory cases.

Conclusions:

Optimizing irAE care is essential for maintaining cancer treatment continuity and patient safety.
Further research, standardized monitoring, and predictive biomarkers are needed for irAE management.
Addressing long-term sequelae and rechallenge decisions is critical as ICI use expands.