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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

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A macroscopic condensation theory for vibrational strong coupling effects.

M Elious Mondal¹, Sebastian Montillo Vega¹, Pengfei Huo^2,3,4

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.

Nature Communications

|July 13, 2026

Summary

Vibrational Strong Coupling (VSC) can alter chemical reaction rates. This study suggests VSC effects arise from a macroscopic condensation of vibrations, explaining observed phenomena in optical microcavities.

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Area of Science:

Chemical Physics
Quantum Optics
Materials Science

Background:

Experiments show optical microcavities can modify chemical reaction rates.
This phenomenon, Vibrational Strong Coupling (VSC), occurs without external light sources.
VSC effects, including rate modifications and phase-transition-like behavior, emerge above a critical threshold.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the underlying mechanism of Vibrational Strong Coupling (VSC).
To investigate the role of many-body effects in VSC-induced chemical modifications.
To propose a new theoretical explanation for VSC phenomena.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of molecular ensembles in optical microcavities.
Analysis of many-body quantum effects beyond single-excitation pictures.
Investigation of vibrational polaritons and dark states.

Main Results:

VSC effects are potentially explained by macroscopic vibrational condensation.
A critical Rabi splitting threshold triggers the onset of VSC.
The system occupies a single condensate state above this critical threshold.

Conclusions:

Macroscopic vibrational condensation offers a unifying explanation for VSC-induced chemical modifications.
This many-body perspective advances the understanding of light-matter interactions in chemistry.
The findings open new avenues for controlling chemical reactivity using quantum phenomena.