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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from the...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation
11:11

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Published on: May 2, 2016

Conifer-shaped multi-layer elastocaloric regenerators.

Di Ma1, Guoqu Zhou1, Pengfei Dang2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

Nature Communications
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel conifer-shaped regenerator improves elastocaloric cooling by optimizing material stress. This design enhances temperature span and cooling power, unlocking the technology's full potential.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation
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Published on: May 2, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Elastocaloric cooling shows promise but is limited by inhomogeneous phase transitions in regenerators.
  • Optimizing regenerator design is crucial for maximizing elastocaloric cooling efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel elastocaloric regenerator design that addresses inhomogeneous phase transitions.
  • To improve the performance of elastocaloric cooling systems through geometry-function matching.

Main Methods:

  • A conifer-shaped, multi-layer elastocaloric regenerator was designed, inspired by coniferous tree architecture.
  • The number of tubes varied across layers to match the transformation stress profile, mitigating stress inconsistencies.
  • Commercial-grade NiTi material was used in the regenerator design and testing.

Main Results:

  • The conifer-shaped regenerator achieved a 45.5 K load-free temperature span, 12.4% higher than a uniform baseline.
  • A reciprocating elastocaloric water chiller with two regenerators demonstrated 272.6 W cooling power at zero temperature span.
  • The study confirmed the applicability of the conifer shape within layers, establishing a geometry-function matching principle.

Conclusions:

  • The conifer-shaped elastocaloric regenerator effectively mitigates inhomogeneous phase transitions by aligning geometry with variable transformation stress.
  • This design approach significantly enhances temperature span and cooling power, paving the way for high-performance elastocaloric cooling systems.
  • The geometry-function matching principle offers a new direction for designing advanced elastocaloric regenerators and devices.