Cellular reprogramming and signaling control by kaempferol in colorectal cancer

Drug resistance and toxicity are major challenges for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Kaempferol (KMP), a natural flavonoid compound, is characterized by low toxicity and multi-targeted effects. KMP has multiple biological functions (anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-angiogenesis, apoptosis induction, and immunoregulation). Therefore, KMP is extensively investigated the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Currently, a series of studies has explored the potential anti-cancer role in CRC therapy. KMP can inhibit the progression of colitis to CRC. Furthermore, KMP suppresses the proliferation of CRC cells and tumor growth. The mechanisms regulated by KMP are involved in multiple signaling pathways such as the matrix metalloproteinases family, VEGF/VEGFR, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. As a multi-targeted inhibitor, KMP shows its natural advantage in combination therapy and is often defined as a sensitizer or attenuator. However, due to the poor stability, absorption, and bioavailability of KMP, its clinical value is hindered. Nano-based delivery systems can compensate for these shortcomings and boost their therapeutic potential. KMP is a hopeful anticancer flavonol, and this review aims to summarize its anticancer effects, mechanisms, and potential applications in CRC.