Immunomodulatory efficacy of culture condition-dependent modulation of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their unique anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory, and regenerative properties, have been used in the treatment of various diseases. Despite the advancements in the technological development of culture media and cell cultures, ensuring that MSCs have immune regulatory functions while maintaining their application remains challenging. In this review, factors that affect the proliferation, stemness, immune regulation, and paracrine properties of MSCs in culture are summarized, and divided into three groups: culture environment, cytokines, and chemical additives. Understanding the factors that affect the immune regulatory properties of MSCs in culture will contribute to the large-scale cultivation of MSCs, in order to obtain high-quality MSCs for disease treatment.