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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Visualization of Tangential Cell Migration in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum
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Numbers Driving Space: Experience With Numerical Sequences Modulates Spatial Behavior in Newborn Chicks (Gallus

Arianna Felisatti1, Matteo Macchinizzi1, Lucia Ronconi2

  • 1Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Newborn chicks exposed to increasing number sequences showed a left-to-right exploration bias. This suggests early numerical experience can shape innate visuospatial attention in animals.

Keywords:
comparative psychologydomestic chicks (Gallus gallus)left‐side biasmental number linenumerical cognitionspatial−numerical associationvisuospatial functions

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Cognition
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Vertebrates exhibit right-hemisphere dominance, influencing visuospatial attention towards the left.
  • This leftward bias is linked to the human mental number line (small numbers left, large numbers right).
  • While human number cognition is influenced by experience, animal data on this phenomenon are scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if exposure to numerical sequences affects the left-to-right visuospatial exploration bias in young chicks.
  • To determine if numerical sequence directionality (increasing vs. decreasing) modulates this bias.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with 70 day-old chicks.
  • Chicks were trained with either increasing (e.g., 2-5-8) or decreasing (e.g., 8-5-2) numerical sequences.
  • Testing involved observing chicks' approach behavior to horizontally arranged number stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Chicks exposed to increasing numerical sequences consistently approached stimuli from the left.
  • This leftward bias was observed regardless of the final stimulus arrangement.
  • Chicks exposed to decreasing numerical sequences did not show a directional preference.

Conclusions:

  • Early experience with numerical sequences can modify innate left-to-right visuospatial biases in young animals.
  • This highlights the flexibility of cognitive biases in numerical and visuospatial processing early in life.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the development of numerical cognition across species.