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Defining Preliminary Core Nontechnical Skills for Anesthesia Crisis Management in Indonesia: An Expert Consensus from
Aldy Heriwardito1, Andi Ade Wijaya Ramlan1, Diantha Soemantri2
1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Advances in Medical Education and Practice
|July 14, 2026
Summary
This study identified core nontechnical competencies for anesthesia crisis management in Indonesia, focusing on communication and situational awareness. These findings establish a foundation for national training and assessment programs.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Patient Safety
- Anesthesiology
Background:
- Effective anesthesia crisis management relies on nontechnical skills.
- Indonesia requires a context-specific framework for anesthesia crisis management training.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish a preliminary set of core nontechnical competencies for anesthesia crisis management in Indonesia.
- To emphasize the roles of situational awareness and communication in crisis management.
Main Methods:
- An exploratory sequential qualitative study conducted in Indonesia (2025).
- Literature review using the Population, Concept, and Context framework.
- Modified Delphi method with 13 experts from diverse professional backgrounds and institutions.
- Consensus defined as ≥75% agreement on a 4-point Likert scale; content validity assessed using item- and scale-level content validity indices.
Main Results:
- Literature review highlighted communication and situational awareness as key competencies.
- Expert consensus identified 11 core competencies: 5 in communication and 6 in situational awareness.
- High inter-rater reliability and content validity were achieved (S-CVI=1.00).
Conclusions:
- Situational awareness and communication are the primary nontechnical competency domains for anesthesia crisis management in Indonesia.
- A preliminary, expert-consensus framework with content validity evidence was developed.
- Further research is needed for pilot implementation, reliability, and validity testing before operational deployment.
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