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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry01:33

Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry is the study of the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecule. The stereochemistry of radical halogenations can be understood from three different situations:
Halogenation to form a new chiral center:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Christopher Hughes: An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis (Interview)
10:29

Christopher Hughes: An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis (Interview)

Published on: April 28, 2007

An interview with Alex Hughes

    Development (Cambridge, England)
    |July 14, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers are exploring the extracellular environment's role in human kidney development using organoid models. This research investigates how non-cellular components guide organogenesis and presents challenges for experimental design.

    Area of Science:

    • Bioengineering
    • Developmental Biology
    • Extracellular Matrix Research

    Background:

    • The extracellular environment significantly influences developmental processes.
    • Understanding non-cellular components is crucial for studying organogenesis.
    • In vitro organoid models offer a platform to investigate human kidney development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the role of the extracellular environment in human kidney organogenesis.
    • To explore the engineering perspective of developmental processes.
    • To discuss challenges in studying the extracellular environment's contribution to development.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing in vitro organoid models of the developing human kidney.
    • Applying bioengineering principles to study developmental biology.

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  • Conducting discussions on experimental design challenges.

    • Main Results:

    • The extracellular environment plays a key instructive role in development.
    • Organoid models provide insights into kidney organogenesis.
    • Studying the extracellular environment presents unique experimental challenges.

    Conclusions:

    • The extracellular environment is a critical determinant in human kidney development.
    • Engineering approaches are valuable for dissecting developmental mechanisms.
    • Further innovation in experimental design is needed to fully understand the extracellular environment's impact.