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Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Establishment of Zone-Enriched Primary Cultures from the Mouse Adrenal Cortex

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Published on: May 8, 2026

ROR1/ROR2 regulate aldosterone production from the zona glomerulosa.

Betul Haykir^1,2, Mesut Berber^1,2, Kaitlin J Basham³

¹Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

|July 14, 2026

Summary

ROR1/2 signaling is crucial for maintaining adrenal function and aldosterone production. This pathway impacts zona glomerulosa cell survival and integrity, suggesting its dysregulation may cause aldosterone disorders.

Keywords:

Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Non-canonical Wnt signaling ROR1 ROR2

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Establishment of Zone-Enriched Primary Cultures from the Mouse Adrenal Cortex

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Published on: May 8, 2026

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

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Published on: March 12, 2019

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Published on: June 27, 2015

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Adrenal aldosterone production relies on regulated signaling pathways.
While beta-Catenin (βCat)-dependent Wnt signaling is well-studied in the zona glomerulosa (zG), βCat-independent Wnt signaling's role is unclear.
Genetic variants in βCat-independent Wnt signaling pathways are linked to aldosterone dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of ROR family proteins (ROR1/2), key co-receptors in βCat-independent Wnt signaling, in adrenal morphogenesis and aldosterone production.
To determine the necessity of ROR1/2 signaling for zG cell function and maintenance.

Main Methods:

Utilized zona glomerulosa (zG)-specific ROR1/2 knockout mice.
Assessed adrenal gland development, zG cell integrity, transdifferentiation, survival, and aldosterone production (Cyp11b2 expression).

Main Results:

ROR1/2 were not essential for zG formation or size but maintained adherens junction integrity.
ROR1/2 signaling was important for zG cell transdifferentiation into zona fasciculata cells and for zG cell survival.
ROR1/2 signaling significantly influenced Cyp11b2 expression and overall aldosterone production.

Conclusions:

ROR1/2-dependent signaling plays a vital role in regulating zG function and maintaining aldosterone production.
Dysregulation of ROR1/2 signaling may contribute to conditions like hypoaldosteronism and primary aldosteronism.