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Association between selected immune parameters and thalassemia: An analytical study.

Hanan F Salman1, Thefaf A Ahmed1, Sura K Mahmood1

  • 1Department of Biology, College of Education for Women, University of Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq.

The Egyptian Journal of Immunology
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Hereditary anemia, like thalassemia, is prevalent in Iraq. This study found higher levels of immune markers (IL-40, TNF-α, MCP-1) and altered electrolytes (sodium, chloride) in thalassemia patients compared to controls.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hereditary anemias, particularly thalassemia, are significant health concerns, especially in regions like Iraq.
  • Disease severity in thalassemia can range widely, impacting multiple organ systems.
  • Cytokines and electrolyte balance are emerging as potential markers for disease severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the levels of specific cytokines (IL-40, TNF-α, MCP-1) and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium) in Iraqi thalassemia patients.
  • To explore potential correlations between these markers and disease status.
  • To assess the utility of these markers in understanding thalassemia severity.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples were collected from 50 thalassemia patients and 40 healthy controls.

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  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to quantify serum cytokines (IL-40, TNF-α, MCP-1).
  • Colorimetric techniques were employed to measure serum electrolyte concentrations (sodium, chloride, potassium).

    • Main Results:

    • Thalassemia patients showed significantly elevated levels of IL-40, TNF-α, and MCP-1 compared to controls (p<0.05).
    • Significant differences in serum sodium, chloride, and potassium were observed between patients and controls (p<0.05), with potassium showing less significance.
    • A significant positive association was found between MCP-1 and TNF-α, and between sodium and chloride levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Thalassemia patients exhibit higher concentrations of key immune markers (IL-40, TNF-α, MCP-1).
    • Significant alterations in serum electrolytes, particularly sodium and chloride, are associated with thalassemia.
    • These immune and electrolyte changes may serve as indicators of thalassemia severity.