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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice
07:38

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Published on: September 20, 2024

NMDA Receptor Antagonists in Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Nihit Gupta1, Noah Parker1,2, Azl Saeed3

  • 1Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.

The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Memantine and amantadine show promise for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but lack conclusive efficacy data. Further large-scale trials are needed to establish their therapeutic potential and usage guidelines in children with ASD.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice
07:38

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents complex challenges in core symptoms and comorbidities.
  • NMDA receptor antagonists, such as memantine and amantadine, are being investigated for potential therapeutic benefits in ASD.
  • Existing evidence on their efficacy and safety in pediatric populations is limited and requires systematic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review conclusive evidence on the usage, efficacy, and side effects of memantine and amantadine in children with ASD.
  • To determine the effectiveness of these NMDA receptor antagonists in treating core ASD symptoms and associated comorbid conditions.
  • To identify gaps in current research and guide future therapeutic strategies for ASD.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple electronic databases using specific keywords related to ASD and the studied medications.
  • Eleven studies were selected after initial screening, with eight meeting the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and systematic review.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on pediatric ASD populations, placebo-controlled or treatment-as-usual comparisons, and reported clinical improvements; exclusion criteria involved unpublished data and redundant reports.

Main Results:

  • Memantine and amantadine exhibited favorable safety profiles in the reviewed studies.
  • Evidence for the efficacy of these agents in addressing core ASD symptoms was inconclusive.
  • Memantine suggested potential cognitive and behavioral benefits, while amantadine showed promise as an adjunctive therapy for disruptive behaviors, though with methodological limitations and outcome variability.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence on the efficacy of memantine and amantadine for core ASD symptoms is inconclusive.
  • The safety profiles of both drugs are generally favorable, but robust efficacy data is lacking.
  • Large-scale, multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trials with standardized assessments are crucial to establish definitive therapeutic guidelines for memantine and amantadine in ASD.