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Related Concept Videos

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a polar...
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...

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Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups
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Breaking Zn2+ Local Hydration Shells via Dual-Track Anion Chemistry.

Yanrong Jiang1, Jinke Yan1, Wenjin Cao2

  • 1School of Mathematics Information, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang 312000, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|July 14, 2026
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Functional anion additives in aqueous zinc-ion batteries are key for performance. This study reveals their molecular mechanisms in zinc ion desolvation, uncovering dual-track chemistry for improved battery function.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) offer a sustainable energy storage solution.
  • Anion additives are crucial for improving AZIB performance by controlling water reactivity and Zn2+ solvation.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms of anion-mediated Zn2+ desolvation remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which functional anion additives regulate Zn2+ desolvation in aqueous electrolytes.
  • To establish a cross-phase descriptor-to-mechanism framework for understanding anion behavior.
  • To investigate the roles of bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), difluoro(oxalate)borate (DFOB-), and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-) anions.

Main Methods:

  • Gas-phase negative-ion photoelectron spectroscopy to probe intrinsic anion properties.
  • Well-tempered metadynamics simulations to model Zn2+ solvation and desolvation processes.
  • Anion stepwise hydration to quantify binding energies and assess water coordination.

Main Results:

  • Quantified intrinsic anion-water binding energies: 7.0 kcal/mol (BOB-), 10.0 kcal/mol (DFOB-), and 9.2 kcal/mol (FSI-).
  • Observed direct Zn2+ coordination by DFOB- and FSI-, forming contact ion pairs.
  • Demonstrated disruption of intershell water hydrogen bonding by all three anions, altering the hydration shell structure.

Conclusions:

  • Anions exhibit distinct binding affinities and conformational adaptability, influencing Zn2+ desolvation pathways.
  • DFOB- and FSI- directly participate in Zn2+ coordination, while all anions modify the water network.
  • The study reveals dual-track anion chemistry, offering molecular insights for designing advanced AZIB electrolytes.