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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

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How developmental stressors affect mitochondrial respiratory function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ondi L Crino1,2, Christopher R Friesen3, Geoffrey E Hill4

  • 1College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5001, Australia.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early life stress negatively impacts mitochondrial function, affecting energy production and increasing oxidative damage. These cellular changes can influence an organism's overall health and fitness across its lifetime.

Keywords:
cellular respirationcorticosteronecortisoldevelopmental programmingglucocorticoidsmitochondrianutritionoxidative phosphorylationstress

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Mitochondrial physiology
  • Environmental science

Background:

  • Early environmental conditions profoundly shape organismal traits and life-history strategies.
  • Mitochondrial function is sensitive to environmental changes and may mediate developmental effects across tissues.
  • Understanding how developmental stressors impact mitochondria is crucial for evolutionary biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To meta-analyze the effects of developmental stressors on mitochondrial respiratory function.
  • To identify which components of mitochondrial function are most affected by developmental stress.
  • To investigate the influence of stressor type, timing, sex, and taxon on these effects.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled data from 86 studies on developmental stressors and mitochondrial function.
  • Utilized meta-analysis to assess general effects on antioxidants, metabolic capacity, oxidative damage, oxidative stress, and aerobic respiration.
  • Analyzed how stressor type, timing (prenatal/postnatal), sex, and taxon modulated the outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Developmental exposure to glucocorticoids, parental deprivation, and psychological stress generally impaired mitochondrial respiratory function.
  • These stressors increased reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage while decreasing aerobic respiration, metabolic capacity, and antioxidant levels.
  • Nutritional imbalances showed a slight negative effect, potentially influenced by publication bias.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental stressors significantly impair mitochondrial respiratory function.
  • Altered cellular metabolism, particularly mitochondrial function, may link early-life stress to downstream effects on animal traits and fitness.
  • Mitochondrial function serves as a key cellular mechanism mediating the long-term impacts of developmental environments.