Early Cardiometabolic Vulnerability in Rural Adults: An Exploratory Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Christopher M Smith1, Carolyn E Horne, Jeanette M Bennett
1Christopher M. Smith, PhD, MSN, RN, GCQM, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Carolyn E. Horne, PhD, MSN, RN, FAHA, Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Jeanette M. Bennett, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Brittany Butts, PhD, RN, FAHA, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Background:
Cardiometabolic disease risk is disproportionately high in rural U.S. communities, where behavioral and metabolic determinants often intersect. However, relationships between sleep, psychological distress, and blood pressure variability remain understudied in rural communities.
Objective:
In this study, we aimed to assess how sleep, depressive symptoms, and metabolic indicators influence blood pressure outcomes in rural adults.
Methods:
In this exploratory descriptive cross-sectional study, survey and clinical measurement data were collected from n = 68 participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and hierarchical regression.
Results:
Age, gender, and sleep were positively associated with blood glucose. Depressive symptoms were inversely related to blood glucose and body mass index. Depressive symptoms and sleep dysfunction were positively associated with blood pressures, but in some models were attenuated by sleep, whereas sleep was related to elevated blood glucose. Age was inversely associated with blood pressure, and antihypertensive medication use did not account for this relationship. Among nonmedicated participants, mean blood pressures were significantly elevated. In subgroup analyses, the youngest nonmedicated adults (ages 29-33 years) had markedly higher mean arterial pressure.
Conclusions:
Sleep-related impairment and depressive symptoms were related to blood pressure and indicators of metabolic disruption and inflexibility in this rural community sample. The effect of depressive symptoms on blood pressure was consistent with autonomic and vascular tone mechanisms but was attenuated by sleep. The youngest participants (ages 29-33 years) exhibited disproportionately high untreated blood pressures compared to all other participants, highlighting the possibility that cardiometabolic vulnerability might manifest earlier in rural communities than typically recognized. Results support early detection initiatives and future biobehavioral-informed research targeting younger populations.
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