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Computer-assisted navigation improves lumbar vertebral body drilling accuracy in dogs.

Andres F Bonilla, Clara Goh, Howard Seim

    American Journal of Veterinary Research
    |July 14, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Computer-assisted navigation significantly improves bicortical lumbar vertebral body drilling accuracy in canine cadavers. This technique markedly reduces clinically relevant cortical breaches compared to freehand methods, enhancing surgical safety.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary surgery
    • Orthopedics
    • Neurosurgery

    Background:

    • Accurate bicortical lumbar vertebral body drilling is crucial for spinal procedures in canines.
    • Freehand techniques carry a risk of cortical breaches, potentially leading to complications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the accuracy of computer-assisted navigation versus freehand techniques for bicortical lumbar vertebral body drilling in canine cadavers.
    • To assess the incidence of clinically relevant cortical breaches with each technique.

    Main Methods:

    • A randomized cadaveric experimental study using 9 canine lumbar spines.
    • Two surgeons performed bicortical drilling using navigated and freehand techniques.
    • Drill trajectories were assessed by 4 blinded veterinary surgeons using the modified Zdichavsky classification.
    Keywords:
    canine spinecomputer-assisted navigationcortical breachlumbar vertebraepedicle drilling

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    Main Results:

    • Navigated drilling yielded a significantly higher proportion of optimal trajectories (92.6%) compared to freehand (42.6%).
    • Clinically relevant breaches were significantly less frequent with navigation (3.7%) versus freehand (35.2%).
    • Accuracy improvements were observed across different canine body sizes.

    Conclusions:

    • Computer-assisted navigation significantly enhances the accuracy of bicortical lumbar vertebral body drilling in canine cadavers.
    • Navigation markedly reduces clinically relevant cortical breaches, improving procedural safety.