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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: September 13, 2022

Neuropelveology: The missing competency in Pelvic Surgery.

Marc Possover¹, Afchine Fazel², Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein³

¹Possover International Medical Center, Zuerich - CH, Associated Professor University Aarhus DK, Prof. HPL University Cologne Germany, Prof. h.c. Jiaotong University China. Member of the French National Academy of Surgery.

Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology

|July 14, 2026

Summary

Neuropelveology offers a unified approach to diagnosing and treating pelvic nerve disorders. This multidisciplinary framework integrates various specialties for improved patient care and research in pelvic neurosurgery.

Keywords:

Guidelines ISON Neuropelveology Patient's safety

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Laparoscopic Non-Mesh Cerclage Pectopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: September 13, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurology
Surgical Sciences
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Pelvic nervous system disorders are often misdiagnosed and poorly managed due to their complex, multidisciplinary nature.
Existing medical specialties struggle to address the full spectrum of pelvic nerve issues, leading to fragmented care.
Neuropelveology has emerged to bridge this gap, integrating diagnostics, surgery, and rehabilitation for pelvic nerve disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the clinical and educational deficiencies in managing pelvic nerve disorders.
To introduce Neuropelveology as a solution to these challenges.
To emphasize the need for standardized practices and multidisciplinary collaboration in pelvic nerve care.

Main Methods:

Review of the development and components of Neuropelveology.
Discussion of the integration of neurofunctional diagnosis, pelvic neuroanatomy, and minimally invasive surgery.
Examination of the role of imaging, neurophysiology, and rehabilitation within the Neuropelveology framework.

Main Results:

Neuropelveology integrates neurofunctional diagnosis, pelvic neuroanatomy, minimally invasive surgery, imaging, neurophysiology, and rehabilitation.
Standardized diagnostic pathways, training, and safety principles are crucial with advancements in laparoscopic and robotic surgery.
International guidelines and collaborative initiatives support harmonized clinical practice and education.

Conclusions:

Neuropelveology is a multidisciplinary framework, not a new surgical specialty, for pelvic nerve disorders.
It facilitates diagnosis, treatment, education, and scientific advancement.
It is essential for advancing safer, neurofunctionally oriented, and integrated pelvic care, especially with evolving technologies like neuromodulation and bioelectronic medicine.