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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
04:32

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: June 28, 2018

Updated Risk Factors for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Findings from a Matched Case-Control VAPRISK Study.

Islam Ahmed1, Hanan Hasan Soliman2, Tamer Habib3

  • 1Department of Public Health, Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt.

The Journal of Hospital Infection
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Recent stroke, midazolam sedation, no sedation breaks, prior steroid use, and chlorhexidine mouthwash increase the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). These factors are crucial for VAP prevention strategies in low-resource settings.

Keywords:
Critical careEpidemiologyNosocomialPneumoniaRisk factorsVentilator-associated pneumonia

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
04:32

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: June 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • Ventilator-associated events (VAE) incidence increased by 13% in 2023 despite existing prevention bundles and surveillance.
  • Identifying specific risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is critical, especially in resource-limited clinical environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify independent risk factors for VAP in a low-resource setting.
  • To provide evidence-based targets for VAP prevention.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 90 VAP patients matched 1:1 with controls.
  • Matching criteria included sex, age, and duration of mechanical ventilation.
  • Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine independent risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Recent cerebrovascular stroke (aOR=6.555), midazolam sedation (aOR=3.292), and prior corticosteroid use (aOR=3.369) were significant independent risk factors for VAP.
  • Lack of sedation holidays (aOR=6.774) and oral care with chlorhexidine (aOR=8.544) were also independently associated with increased VAP odds.

Conclusions:

  • In a matched cohort, recent cerebrovascular stroke, midazolam sedation, absence of sedation holidays, prior corticosteroid use, and chlorhexidine oral care were independently linked to VAP.
  • These findings highlight specific modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors crucial for VAP prevention in resource-constrained settings.