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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
11:12

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Published on: September 11, 2017

Random access elevates DNA from a storage medium to a storage system.

Haotian Yu1, Zuhong Lu1, Dachao Li2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.

Trends in Biotechnology
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

DNA data storage offers high density and stability as digital data grows. Advances improve selective information retrieval, but challenges remain for large-scale DNA storage systems.

Keywords:
DNA data storagein situ storage architecturesmolecular information systemsrandom access

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High-Density DNA and RNA microarrays - Photolithographic Synthesis, Hybridization and Preparation of Large Nucleic Acid Libraries
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High-Density DNA and RNA microarrays - Photolithographic Synthesis, Hybridization and Preparation of Large Nucleic Acid Libraries

Published on: August 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
11:12

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Published on: September 11, 2017

High-Density DNA and RNA microarrays - Photolithographic Synthesis, Hybridization and Preparation of Large Nucleic Acid Libraries
11:22

High-Density DNA and RNA microarrays - Photolithographic Synthesis, Hybridization and Preparation of Large Nucleic Acid Libraries

Published on: August 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Information Technology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Digital data volume is rapidly increasing, necessitating novel storage solutions.
  • DNA offers exceptional storage density, stability, and energy efficiency, making it a promising alternative to electronic media.
  • Dynamic random access is crucial for practical DNA storage applications, enabling targeted data retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in DNA data storage technologies.
  • To identify current challenges hindering large-scale implementation.
  • To discuss future perspectives for efficient and reliable DNA storage systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on DNA data storage techniques.
  • Analysis of methods for dynamic random access in DNA storage, including PCR-based indexing, hybridization-assisted retrieval, and electrically controlled addressing.
  • Evaluation of challenges such as primer capacity, amplification bias, and molecular crosstalk.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements in access efficiency have been achieved through novel retrieval methods.
  • Key challenges limiting large-scale DNA data storage include primer capacity, amplification bias, and molecular crosstalk.
  • The review synthesizes progress and identifies critical areas for future research.

Conclusions:

  • DNA storage is a viable next-generation information storage medium.
  • Overcoming current limitations is essential for realizing large-scale, practical DNA data storage.
  • Continued research and development are needed to enhance efficiency and reliability.