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Ground-based microgravity simulators for plant research: principles and biological responses.

Gwanggeun Song1, Byoung-Kwan Cho2, Geonwoo Kim3

  • 1Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Life, and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, South Korea.

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Understanding plant responses to microgravity is vital for space agriculture. This review compares ground-based simulators with spaceflight data, highlighting discrepancies and proposing standardized metrics to improve research reliability for future space missions.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Space biology
  • Gravitational biology

Background:

  • Gravity significantly impacts plant evolution and development.
  • Sustainable space agriculture requires understanding plant responses to microgravity.
  • Ground-based simulators (clinostats, RPMs) are used due to ISS limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review plant biological responses to microgravity using ground-based simulators.
  • To critically compare simulator data with actual spaceflight results.
  • To identify discrepancies and propose solutions for reliable microgravity research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physical principles of microgravity simulators (clinostats, RPMs).
  • Synthesis of plant biological responses at organ, cellular, hormonal, and molecular levels.
  • Critical comparison of ground-based simulation data with spaceflight findings.

Main Results:

  • Identified reproducible responses like statolith randomization and automorphogenesis.
  • Highlighted discrepancies attributed to simulator artifacts (vibration, acceleration, shear stress).
  • Emphasized the need for standardized metrics (taSMG, DGD) for data reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Ground-based simulators provide valuable insights but have limitations.
  • Standardized metrics and technical innovations are crucial to bridge the 'space-ground gap'.
  • Optimized ground-based research is essential for developing life support systems for lunar and Martian habitats.