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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
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Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

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Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

Epiphytes, Parasites, and Carnivores

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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the biosynthesis of the...

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Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor (LATS) Biosensor

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The Plant Hippo Pathway: An Evolved Hub for Strategic Resource Allocation Governing Growth-Defence-Reproduction

Yulan Shi^1,2,3, Lizhe An^4,5, Xian Xue^1,3

¹State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.

Plant, Cell & Environment

|July 15, 2026

Summary

The plant Hippo signalling network acts as a crucial hub, managing essential trade-offs between growth, defence, and reproduction in plants. This network

Keywords:

MOB1A/B heterodimer SIK1–MOB1 binding SIK1–MOB1 hormone crosstalk dual‐specificity NDR plant Hippo pathway plant immunity programmed cell death (PCD)

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Signalling
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Sessile plants must balance resource allocation for growth, defence, and reproduction.
The Hippo signalling network is a conserved pathway involved in organ size control.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of the plant Hippo signalling network as a central regulator of adaptive trade-offs.
To explore plant-specific innovations within the Hippo pathway.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of Hippo pathway components across species.
Investigating molecular interactions, including SIK1-MOB1 interaction.
Studying the regulation of the jasmonate pathway.

Main Results:

The plant Hippo network integrates diverse signals to make cellular decisions.
Plant-specific innovations like direct SIK1-MOB1 interaction and MOB1A/B heterodimerization are identified.
The SIK1-MOB1 antagonism fine-tunes the jasmonate pathway, balancing growth and defence.

Conclusions:

The plant Hippo pathway functions as an adaptive trade-off management hub.
Understanding this system offers potential for engineering crops with enhanced resilience and yield.