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MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

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Comprehensive Prediction Analysis of Novel Noncoding Regulatory Variants Identified in the MicroRNA Binding Regions

Anthony Shadid¹, Haydn E Rich¹, Kathryn D Hok¹

¹Institute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|July 15, 2026

Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate complement gene expression through 3'-untranslated regions (3'UTRs), influencing immune responses and disease susceptibility. Genetic variations in these regions further modulate miRNA targeting, impacting complement system control.

Keywords:

3′UTR complement immune system genes-disease association immune regulation membrane attack complex miRNA binding post-transcriptional regulation single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

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Published on: August 21, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

The complement system is crucial for innate immunity and host defense, involving complex proteolytic cascades.
Genetic variations in complement genes affect individual differences in complement activity and disease susceptibility.
MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of complement genes is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically analyze miRNA binding sites and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 3"-untranslated regions (3 UTRs) of complement pathway genes.
To understand the role of miRNA-mediated regulation in shaping complement gene expression and its impact on immune and inflammatory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Bioinformatic analysis of miRNA binding sites and SNPs in the 3 UTRs of classical, lectin, alternative, and terminal complement pathway genes.
Prediction of miRNA-gene interactions and assessment of SNP impact on these interactions.

Main Results:

Complement pathway genes exhibit heterogeneous miRNA-mediated regulation, with regulatory factors and terminal pathway proteins being densely regulated.
A diverse range of miRNAs interact with complement genes in a pathway-specific manner, implicating them in inflammation, cancer, and immune signaling.
SNPs within miRNA-binding regions can disrupt or create regulatory interactions, affecting gene expression and disease susceptibility.

Conclusions:

MicroRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation is an important, underappreciated layer of complement system control.
Regulatory genetic variations in 3 UTRs fine-tune complement activity rather than causing complete loss of function.
This study provides a framework for understanding how genetic variations in miRNA regulatory elements influence complement-driven immune responses and disease risk.