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Centrifugation

Centrifugation

Centrifugation is a separation technique based on differences in density or size. It is commonly used to separate solids from aqueous interferents. During centrifugation, the sample is placed in centrifugation tubes and spun at high angular velocity, which allows centrifugal force to act differentially on the different densities or masses of the components. After spinning, the supernatant liquid is decanted. Depending on the specific application, either the pellet or the supernatant is retained...

Downstream Processing

Downstream Processing

Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...

Affinity Chromatography

Affinity Chromatography

Affinity chromatography is a powerful technique extensively utilized for separating and purifying specific biomolecules from complex mixtures. It capitalizes on the highly selective binding between an analyte and its counterpart, such as antibody-antigen interactions. The counterpart is immobilized on the stationary phase, forming an affinity column. The stationary phase typically consists of solid support, such as agarose or porous glass beads, immobilizing the affinity ligand. The mobile...

Subcellular Fractionation

Subcellular Fractionation

The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell

Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell

Published on: November 5, 2009

Analytical Ultracentrifugation for Biopharmaceutical Characterization and Quality Control.

Xiaojuan Yu¹, Wendan Chu^2,3, Qing Chang^2,3

¹State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|July 15, 2026

Summary

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a powerful biophysical technique for quality control of complex biotechnological drugs. This review highlights AUC

Keywords:

analytical ultracentrifugation biopharmaceuticals quality control

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Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell

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Area of Science:

Biophysical characterization
Analytical chemistry
Biotechnology

Background:

Biotechnological drugs offer targeted treatments for intractable diseases but present complex quality control challenges.
Their intricate structures, stability issues, and heterogeneity differ significantly from small-molecule drugs.
High-precision analytical methods are crucial for ensuring the quality and efficacy of these advanced therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the applications of Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC) in the quality control of major biotechnological drug categories.
To provide technical guidance for the standardized application of AUC in biopharmaceutical analysis.
To underscore AUC's role in characterizing complex biological products.

Main Methods:

Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC) as a biophysical characterization tool.
Review of existing literature on AUC applications in biotechnological drug analysis.
Systematic summary of AUC's advantages: non-destructive detection, high resolution, and broad applicability.

Main Results:

AUC has become an indispensable tool for quality control of biotechnological drugs due to its unique advantages.
The technology enables precise characterization of complex biological products, addressing challenges posed by heterogeneity and stability.
Extensive adoption of AUC for diverse biological product analysis is evident in current research.

Conclusions:

Analytical Ultracentrifugation is highly effective for the quality control and characterization of biotechnological drugs.
Standardized application of AUC can enhance the reliability and consistency of biopharmaceutical development.
This review provides a foundation for leveraging AUC's capabilities in advancing biopharmaceutical quality assurance.