The Role and Mechanism of Carnosine in Alleviating Type 2 Diabetic Sarcopenia in Mice Through PI3K/AMPK/PGC-1α...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases, and T2DM-related sarcopenia is a growing concern. Carnosine, abundant in human skeletal muscle, helps maintain muscle quality and function. This study investigated whether carnosine deficiency contributes to T2DM-related sarcopenia and whether exogenous carnosine supplementation alleviates muscle atrophy. A mouse model of T2DM sarcopenia was established using streptozotocin combined with a high-fat diet. LC-MS metabolomics revealed a significant reduction in carnosine content in the gastrocnemius muscle of model mice. A C2C12 myotube atrophy model was induced by high-glucose (HG), and qRT-PCR showed altered expression of carnosine metabolism-related enzymes, suggesting disrupted carnosine homeostasis under T2DM conditions. Mechanistic investigations using immunofluorescence, Western blotting, transcriptome sequencing, mitochondrial staining, and molecular docking indicated that carnosine may alleviate high-glucose-induced myotube atrophy through the PI3K/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. In vivo, carnosine supplementation increased the number of mitochondria and the proportion of slow muscle fibers in gastrocnemius muscle, ameliorating the atrophic phenotype. These findings suggest that carnosine has potential as a candidate for intervention in T2DM-related sarcopenia, though further validation of its direct molecular targets is required.