Overcoming Data Scarcity: Few-Shot Pig Vocalization Recognition via Domain Expansion, Knowledge Transfer, and Feature...

Pig vocalization recognition can support non-invasive monitoring in precision livestock farming, but labelled pig-sound recordings are often limited for specific behaviours or physiological states. Under few-shot conditions, deep models may overfit, whereas traditional acoustic features may not fully describe class-specific time-frequency patterns. This study proposed PSA-AP, a pig-sound adaptation pipeline that uses log-Mel spectrograms and integrates SpecAugment-based domain expansion, ImageNet-pretrained ResNet18 knowledge transfer, and ArcFace-based feature alignment. The method was designed to reduce dependence on limited labelled samples, improve task-adapted representation learning, and enhance inter-class separability in the embedding space. Experiments were conducted on a five-class few-shot pig vocalization classification task, including eat, estrous, farrowing (fap), howl, and oink sounds collected from 10 adult Landrace pigs. Using K={5,10,15,20,25,30} labelled wav files per class and five random seeds, each selected training wav file and each held-out test wav file was converted into one 1.0 s log-Mel spectrogram for model training or evaluation. Final evaluation was based on the last checkpoint of each training run. PSA-AP achieved the best mean Accuracy, Macro-F1, and UAR at every K-shot setting. At K=30, PSA-AP reached 90.60% Accuracy, 90.49% Macro-F1, and 90.60% UAR, exceeding Raw by 7.80, 7.82, and 7.80 percentage points, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed integration of domain expansion, knowledge transfer, and feature alignment provides a feasible supervised adaptation strategy for few-shot pig vocalization recognition within the current protocol.