Maltol Protects Neuronal Cells by Alleviating Chronic Neuroinflammation, Pyroptosis, and Ferroptosis via HSP70...

Objectives: Neuroinflammation is recognized as a significant characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, there is a notable absence of effective pharmacological agents to prevent or treat neuroinflammatory processes associated with AD. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is pivotal in the progression of neuroinflammation. In this study, we explored the potential of maltol, a Maillard reaction product derived from red ginseng, as a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammation. Methods: In vitro, HMC3 microglial cell models were developed to examine the regulatory effects of gradient concentrations of maltol (12.5, 25, 50 μM) on the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, neuroinflammation, and pyroptosis. Analyses of the GEO database and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to identify the core targets of maltol, followed by HSP70 gene silencing experiments to validate the targeted regulatory mechanism. Results: Maltol significantly mitigated LPS-induced neuronal damage and cognitive deficits in mice. It effectively suppressed microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and pyroptosis, reversed oxidative stress-induced neuronal ferroptosis, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that maltol obstructed TLR4/MyD88 binding, thereby inhibiting NF-κB p65-mediated neuroinflammation and pyroptosis, while also alleviating excessive ROS accumulation to enhance oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Bioinformatics analysis identified HSP70 as a crucial target for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of maltol. Subsequent gene silencing experiments confirmed that maltol exerted its inhibitory effects on LPS-induced neuroinflammation and pyroptosis in an HSP70-dependent manner. Conclusions: Maltol exhibits significant protective effects against Alzheimer's disease-related neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis through the targeting of HSP70. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which maltol improves neuroinflammatory injury and provides a novel theoretical foundation and therapeutic strategy for the intervention of Alzheimer's disease neuroinflammation using traditional Chinese medicine.