A Survey on Security Threats and Mitigation Mechanisms for Smart Hospitals in the 6G Era

Smart Hospitals integrated within 6G edge networks aim to enhance hospital connectivity and operational efficiency by enabling intelligent and personalized e-health services and applications while optimizing resource utilization and maintaining a high degree of autonomy. Nevertheless, the interconnectivity and 6G integration, which comprise core components of Smart Hospitals, are susceptible to a wide range of security threats, posing significant risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of hospital data and operations. Given that security is a critical concern for Smart Hospitals, there is an urgent need to develop novel security mechanisms to safeguard these environments within 6G edge networks. In particular, this work highlights how defining 6G characteristics, such as Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications, massive IoMT connectivity, distributed edge intelligence, and AI-native network operation, not only enable next-generation hospital services but also reshape the security and privacy threat landscape and the requirements of mitigation mechanisms. In this context, the first essential step is to comprehensively understand both existing and emerging threats targeting Smart Hospitals in the 6G edge network ecosystem. Therefore, this article provides a categorization of security and privacy attacks based on their primary targets. Moreover, it presents a survey of mitigation techniques derived from recent literature, specifically designed to counter threats facing Smart Hospitals in 6G edge networks. The intent is to establish a foundation that supports ongoing research towards the development of effective, 6G-aware security countermeasures capable of protecting Smart Hospitals under the stringent latency, scalability, and reliability requirements of future healthcare environments.