Effects of Nanoparticle-Based Activating Flux with Sodium-Silicate Solvent on Activated Gas Tungsten Arc Welded...

Activated Tungsten Inert Gas (ATIG) welding employs an activating flux to increase penetration and improve productivity compared with the conventional Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) process. Conventional fluxes typically consist of metallic oxides dispersed in alcohol- or acetone-based solvents. In this study, a novel flux composed of SiO₂ and TiO₂ nanoparticles suspended in a sodium-silicate solvent was used for welding Inconel 718. The proposed flux achieved full penetration of a 7 mm thick plate at 160 A DCEN using 60° and 90° electrode tip angles, without visible distortion or defects in the examined cross-sections. Microstructural characterization revealed notable changes in the content, morphology, and size of Nb-rich interdendritic constituents consistent with Laves phase formation compared with welds produced without flux. ATIG specimens contained a lower amount of these brittle intermetallic constituents, which exhibited a less branched and more coagulated morphology despite the lower cooling rate. As a result, a greater fraction of alloying elements remained available for dendrite reinforcement rather than being segregated into Nb-rich interdendritic regions, leading to higher weld-metal microhardness in the ATIG60 specimen than in TIG welds. These observations were attributed to enhanced weld-pool stirring caused by molten metal flow toward the weld center and downward through the weld pool, consistent with the reversal of Marangoni convection.