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Related Concept Videos

Corrosion02:49

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...
Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
Microbial Corrosion01:24

Microbial Corrosion

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a significant form of material degradation caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms. This phenomenon poses substantial challenges across various industries, including oil and gas, maritime, and water treatment sectors.MIC occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and fungi, colonize metal surfaces, forming biofilms that alter the local electrochemical environment. These biofilms can lead to the production of corrosive...

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Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing
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Permissible Cathodic Polarization Levels for Underground Stainless Steel Structures in Cathodic Protection Systems.

Mateusz Gniady1, Krzysztof Żakowski1, Stefan Krakowiak1

  • 1Department of Corrosion and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Excessive cathodic polarization of underground stainless steel can cause hydrogen embrittlement. This study found that standard cathodic protection potentials for carbon steel do not pose a risk to stainless steel, ensuring safer infrastructure protection.

Keywords:
cathodic protectioncritical potential of hydrogen evolutionstainless steel

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Published on: September 11, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Corrosion Engineering

Background:

  • Underground stainless steel structures face risks from excessive cathodic polarization, including hydrogen embrittlement and coating disbonding.
  • Understanding hydrogen evolution potentials is crucial for preventing material degradation in buried infrastructure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the critical potential and current density for hydrogen evolution on various stainless steel grades and carbon steel.
  • To evaluate the safety of applying standard carbon steel cathodic protection criteria to stainless steel.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical testing of stainless steel (1.4301, 1.4401, 1.4125, 1.4512) and carbon steel (S235) in artificial soil and soil filtrate.
  • Measurement of hydrogen evolution potential and critical cathodic protection current density.

Main Results:

  • Higher chromium content in stainless steel correlated with more negative hydrogen evolution potentials.
  • Critical current densities for stainless steels (0.30-0.38 A/m²) were lower than for carbon steel (0.65 A/m²).
  • Standard cathodic protection potentials for carbon steel (-0.85 V to -1.1 V vs. CSE) are safe for stainless steel.

Conclusions:

  • Standard cathodic protection criteria for carbon steel can be safely applied to stainless steel, mitigating risks of overprotection.
  • This finding is vital for designing and operating effective cathodic protection systems for mixed-metal underground structures.
  • The study provides essential data for preventing hydrogen-related failures in critical infrastructure.