Genetic Advances in Cannabis sativa L.: A Review of Recent Progress and Future Directions

Cannabis sativa L. is an economically significant multi-use crop valued for fiber, seed, and phytochemical production. Compared with other crops, advancement in Cannabis sativa has been slow due to regulatory constraints and genetic resource limitations. Recent advances in technology have transformed the research landscape, supporting a deeper understanding of the genetic architecture underlying key agronomic traits. This review summarizes current progress in Cannabis sativa genetics and genomics, mainly focusing on structural genome organization, including chromosome-level assemblies and emerging pangenomic resources that capture species-wide diversity. We explore the molecular basis of key agronomic traits, including sex determination, cannabinoid biosynthesis, fiber quality, seed composition, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, highlighting their complex regulatory networks. Functional genomics tools including virus-induced gene silencing, transient expression systems, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing are reviewed as approaches enabling direct gene functional validation. We further review integration of these resources with molecular breeding strategies, including marker-assisted and genomic selection, to accelerate elite genotype development. Finally, we address persistent challenges such as genomic complexity, reference bias, and phenotyping limitations while outlining future research directions. Together, these advances position C. sativa as a compelling system for both fundamental plant biology and applied crop improvement.