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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A Mouse Tumor Model of Surgical Stress to Explore the Mechanisms of Postoperative Immunosuppression and Evaluate Novel Perioperative Immunotherapies
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Intraoperative Cytokines and Postcraniotomy Infection in Benign Brain Tumors: An Exploratory Prospective Study.

Mingfei Wang1, Siyao Li2, Mengjuan Chai2

  • 1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine levels were not significantly linked to postoperative intracranial infection (PII) in patients undergoing craniotomy. Exploratory findings for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) require further validation.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Postoperative intracranial infection (PII) is a serious complication following neurosurgery.
  • Early diagnosis of PII is critical for improving patient outcomes.
  • The role of the intraoperative immune microenvironment in PII remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the association between intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune microenvironment and PII in patients undergoing craniotomy for benign brain tumors.
  • To investigate specific cytokine profiles in CSF as potential biomarkers for PII.

Main Methods:

  • 134 patients undergoing craniotomy for benign brain tumors were included.
  • CSF samples were collected intraoperatively to quantify 16 cytokines using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA).
Keywords:
cerebrospinal fluidexploratory studyintracranial infectionintraoperative cytokines

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  • Statistical analyses included t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-squared tests, Fisher's exact tests, Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction, and ROC curve analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • PII occurred in 13.4% of patients.
    • Unadjusted analyses showed lower levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the infection group.
    • No cytokine remained statistically significant after FDR correction; ROC analysis indicated mild to modest discriminatory performance for age, IL-4, MCP-1, and operative duration.

    Conclusions:

    • Single-point intraoperative CSF cytokine measurements were not significantly associated with PII after stringent statistical correction.
    • The tested cytokines did not yield a validated clinical prediction tool for PII.
    • Exploratory findings for MCP-1 and IL-4 warrant further investigation and validation in larger cohorts.