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02:46Quantifying Heat
Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the atoms and...
02:45Responses to Heat and Cold Stress
Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
01:20Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
01:28Factors Affecting Body Temperature
As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may include:
Factors may include:
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Rising Heat and Rising Harm: A Systematic Review of Heat and Gender-Based Violence.
Isabelle Pearson1, Andreas Flouris2, Zonibel Woods3
1London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
Trauma, Violence & Abuse
|July 15, 2026
Summary
Extreme heat is linked to increased gender-based violence (GBV), including intimate partner violence and sexual violence. This global review highlights the urgent need to integrate GBV prevention into climate action plans.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Sociology
- Gender Studies
Background:
- Rising global temperatures and increased heatwaves pose significant risks.
- The social impacts of extreme heat, particularly on gender-based violence (GBV), are under-researched.
- Heat-related stress may exacerbate existing drivers of violence.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review global quantitative evidence on the association between heat and GBV.
- To identify the types of GBV linked to heat exposure.
- To inform climate preparedness and GBV prevention strategies.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review following a PROSPERO-registered protocol (CRD42025645675).
- Searched academic and grey literature for quantitative studies on heat (ambient temperature, heatwaves, heat stress) and GBV (IPV, sexual violence, early marriage).
- Included studies from high- and low-income settings with various designs (cross-sectional, ecological, time-series, cohort).
Main Results:
- 22 studies were identified, with 20 reporting a link between higher temperatures and increased GBV.
- Intimate partner violence and sexual violence were the most commonly associated outcomes.
- Two of three studies found significant links between heat exposure and early marriage.
Conclusions:
- Heat may act as a trigger, stressor, or amplifier for GBV, especially in vulnerable contexts.
- Current climate plans rarely address GBV risks.
- Urgent need for longitudinal, interdisciplinary, and community-led research to integrate GBV considerations into climate action and early warning systems.