Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcripts in two percomorphs: evolutionary conservation and energy-status...

Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide involved in appetite regulation and maintenance of energy homeostasis, among other processes. Although Cart is widely studied in vertebrates, its multigenic nature in fish raises questions about which functions are affected by specific Cart peptides. This study compared two important aquaculture percomorph species with distinct habitats and feeding behaviors: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Bioinformatics revealed seven cart genes in tilapia and six in seabream that show high sequence conservation with other vertebrates. Additionally, the predicted mature peptide sequences contain all the cysteines known to stabilize the tertiary peptide structure in other vertebrates. Nevertheless, protein structure modeling suggested that some carts had lost part or all of their cysteine-based disulfide bridges. Quantitative-PCR demonstrated that while all carts are mainly expressed in the brain, several are also expressed in other tissues. Short- and long-term food deprivation resulted in decreased midbrain expression of specific carts in each species, while forebrain and hindbrain cart responses varied. Taken together, our findings demonstrate species-specific cart responses to fish energy status in the Nile tilapia and gilthead seabream, thus, supporting the possibility of functional partitioning in the piscine CART system.