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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: May 12, 2023

Paratuberculosis: a mucosal immunology perspective.

Itzel Aguilar-Lopez^1,2, Laura Gomez^1,2, Antonio Facciuolo^1,2

¹Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

Frontiers in Immunology

|July 15, 2026

Summary

Johne's disease in ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), involves immune responses that fail to clear infection. Understanding mucosal immunity gaps is crucial for developing effective MAP vaccines.

Keywords:

Johne’s disease Peyer’s patches mucosal immunity paratuberculosis vaccine

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Area of Science:

Veterinary immunology
Ruminant infectious diseases
Mucosal immunology

Background:

Johne's disease is a chronic enteric infection in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP).
MAP infection persists in intestinal macrophages, evading early cell-mediated immune responses.
Current vaccine studies show limited, region-specific protection and highlight variability in immune responses across intestinal regions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on host immune responses to MAP in ruminants.
To identify key research gaps in mucosal immunology relevant to Johne's disease vaccine development.

Main Methods:

This mini-review synthesizes existing literature on host immune responses to MAP.
Focuses on a mucosal immunology perspective to identify knowledge gaps.

Main Results:

Early immune responses fail to clear MAP infection.
Vaccine studies reveal partial, region-specific protection and varied immune responses.
Correlates of protection against MAP remain poorly defined.

Conclusions:

Significant knowledge gaps persist in understanding the mechanisms of mucosal immunity to MAP.
Addressing these gaps is essential for advancing the development of effective Johne's disease vaccines.