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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials
12:11

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials

Published on: April 27, 2021

Improving concussion assessment in jockeys: normative benchmarks and web-based tool for ImPACT interpretation.

Maqsood Hussain Shah1, Davood Roshan2,3, Jennifer Pugh4

  • 1School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.

Brain Injury
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed specialized concussion assessment norms for jockeys, using ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing). Findings reveal lower performance in jockeys compared to other athletes, highlighting demographic influences.

Keywords:
ConcussionImPACThorseracingjockeysmultivariate tolerance regionsnormativesports

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Horse racing presents a high risk of concussion for jockeys.
  • Existing concussion assessment tools lack sport-specific norms for jockeys.
  • There is a need for demographically adjusted cognitive performance benchmarks in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop jockey-specific ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) norms adjusted for demographics.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of univariate and multivariate regression approaches for clinical classification of concussion in jockeys.
  • To establish a framework for interpreting ImPACT performance in the context of horse racing.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of retrospective baseline ImPACT data from 663 Irish jockeys (2021-2024).
  • Application of two normative methods: univariate regression for independent cognitive domains and multivariate regression for joint modeling.
  • Examination of concordance between methods and quantification of demographic effects on classification cutoffs.

Main Results:

  • Both univariate and multivariate methods showed complementary diagnostic utility.
  • Multivariate methods mitigated overinterpretation of isolated low scores; univariate methods better detected domain-specific deficits.
  • Irish jockeys exhibited lower performance profiles than other athletic groups, with education and sex influencing results.

Conclusions:

  • A combined approach using univariate and multivariate normative methods offers a robust framework for ImPACT interpretation in jockeys.
  • An interactive web application was created to aid clinical and research applications.
  • The developed framework is adaptable for concussion assessment in various sports beyond horse racing.