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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Reaction Environment Engineering for Selective C3+ Formation in CO2 Electroreduction: Progress and Perspectives.

Ling Chen1, Damien Voiry2, Yan Jiao1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to C3+ products faces selectivity challenges. This review explores mechanisms and engineering strategies to improve C-C coupling and product selectivity for sustainable chemical synthesis.

Keywords:
C3+ECRRcatalyst architectureelectrolyte interfacemechanism‐informed

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Synthesis and Performance Evaluations of ZnCoS/ZnCdS with Twin Crystal Structure for Multifunctional Redox Photocatalysis in Energy Applications

Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECRR) is a promising route for sustainable chemical production.
  • While C1 and C2 electrosynthesis are advanced, ECRR to C3+ products suffers from low selectivity.
  • Key challenges include low overall C3+ selectivity and poor selectivity for specific C3+ products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the main formation mechanisms of C3+ products via ECRR.
  • To analyze thermodynamic pathways and identify key reaction branching points.
  • To highlight engineering strategies for enhancing C-C coupling and product selectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Summarization of three primary formation mechanisms: *CO-*CO-*CO coupling, *CO2-*OCHCH2 coupling (*CO2 insertion), and *CO-*OCHCH2 coupling (*CO insertion).
  • Thermodynamic analysis on Cu(100) to construct a comprehensive reaction network.
  • Identification of competition between hydrocarbon and oxygenate pathways.

Main Results:

  • The study identifies key branching points and the competition between hydrocarbon and oxygenate pathways in ECRR to C3+.
  • Reaction environment engineering strategies, including catalyst architecture and electrolyte interface engineering, are highlighted.
  • These strategies show promise for simultaneously promoting C-C couplings and tuning post-coupling selectivity.

Conclusions:

  • ECRR to C3+ products requires addressing low selectivity issues.
  • Understanding reaction mechanisms and employing advanced engineering strategies are crucial.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current challenges and advance ECRR to C3+ conversion.