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Related Concept Videos

RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches
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Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches

Published on: May 1, 2018

Direct Cytosolic Delivery of Amphiphilic Framework Nucleic Acids for RNA Interference.

Lixuan Lin1,2, Kai Jiao2, Biancheng Wei1,2

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed amphiphilic framework nucleic acids (ampFNAs) for direct cytosolic delivery, bypassing cell membrane and endosomal barriers. This novel platform shows promise for efficient gene silencing and cancer therapy in precision medicine.

Keywords:
DNA nanotechnologycytosolic deliveryframework nucleic acid

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Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects
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Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects

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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches
08:26

Practical Use of RNA Interference: Oral Delivery of Double-stranded RNA in Liposome Carriers for Cockroaches

Published on: May 1, 2018

Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects
10:14

Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects

Published on: May 4, 2018

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Efficient cytosolic delivery of nucleic acid-based therapies is hindered by cell membrane and endosomal barriers.
  • Existing transfection reagents often lead to endosomal sequestration, limiting therapeutic efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel platform for direct cytosolic delivery of nucleic acid molecular machines.
  • To investigate the cellular uptake mechanisms and therapeutic potential of amphiphilic framework nucleic acids (ampFNAs).

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of amphiphilic framework nucleic acids (ampFNAs) with varying geometries.
  • Evaluation of cellular binding, internalization, and endosomal escape pathways.
  • Comparison with commercial transfection reagents like Lipofectamine 3000 (Lipo3000).
  • Assessment of gene silencing efficacy using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting EGFP.
  • Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by targeting the Bcl-2 proto-oncogene.

Main Results:

  • A rigid rod-like six-helix bundle ampFNA functionalized with cholesterol demonstrated superior cellular uptake.
  • The ampFNA utilizes a cholesterol-dependent, lipid raft-mediated pathway, bypassing endosomal entrapment.
  • Reduced lysosomal sequestration was observed compared to Lipo3000.
  • Comparable gene silencing efficiency to Lipo3000 was achieved for EGFP.
  • Targeting Bcl-2 with ampFNA induced significant apoptosis (31.3%) in tumor cells.

Conclusions:

  • AmpFNAs represent a programmable, efficient, and biocompatible platform for nucleic acid delivery.
  • This technology enables direct cytosolic delivery, overcoming key biological barriers.
  • AmpFNAs hold potential for developing next-generation smart nucleic acid delivery systems for precision medicine.