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Bismuth Chalcogenide-Based Photocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction: Recent Progress and Prospects.

Mukesh K Verma¹, Muhammad D Bala¹, Phindile B Khoza¹

¹Discipline of Chemistry, School of Agriculture and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|July 15, 2026

Summary

Bismuth-based materials show promise for sustainable ammonia synthesis via photocatalytic nitrogen reduction. Engineering these materials enhances efficiency and selectivity for light-driven nitrogen conversion.

Keywords:

ammonia synthesis bismuth chalcogenides defect engineering photocatalytic nitrogen reduction

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Photochemistry

Background:

Bismuth chalcogenides are emerging as efficient photocatalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR).
Their unique electronic structures, visible-light activity, and tunable bands aid nitrogen adsorption and activation.
The stereochemically active Bi 6s² lone pair is crucial for these properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in designing bismuth chalcogenide-based photocatalysts for light-driven ammonia synthesis.
To critically discuss fundamental aspects of photocatalytic N₂ reduction and ammonia quantification.
To analyze material engineering strategies for improved photocatalytic performance.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on bismuth chalcogenide photocatalysts for NRR.
Analysis of material engineering strategies: defect modulation, doping, heterojunctions (Type-II, Z-scheme, S-scheme), and hybrid structures.
Discussion of charge separation, band alignment, and ammonia quantification methods.

Main Results:

Various material engineering strategies significantly impact charge separation and band alignment.
Heterojunctions (Type-II, Z-scheme, S-scheme) and hybrid structures offer enhanced photocatalytic activity.
Defect modulation and elemental doping provide routes for tuning material properties.

Conclusions:

Bismuth chalcogenide photocatalysts offer a sustainable route for ammonia synthesis.
Challenges include low N₂ activation, competing hydrogen evolution, and charge recombination.
Future research should focus on electronic structure, mechanistic studies, and standardized protocols.