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Related Concept Videos

Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme
Proofreading01:43

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules starts when DNA polymerase links nucleotides together in a sequence that is complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for the correct base to ensure fidelity in DNA replication. The DNA polymerase furthermore proofreads during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.Errors during Replication Are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase EnzymeGenomic DNA is synthesized in...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview

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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast
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Elevated mutation in haploid yeast driven by error-prone Rev1 polymerase.

Jacob Fredette-Roman1, Denise R Smith1, Sanad B Omari1

  • 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Genetics, 425G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA.

Genetics
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Haploid yeast cells exhibit higher mutation rates than diploids due to increased reliance on error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) repair. Deleting the REV1 gene, crucial for TLS, equalized mutation rates between haploid and diploid yeast.

Keywords:
mutation rate evolutionploidyrespiration deficiencytranslesion synthesis

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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Yeast genetics

Background:

  • The interplay between selection and genetic drift in shaping mutation patterns remains poorly understood.
  • Haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells exhibit higher mutation rates than diploid cells, potentially due to limited selection acting on this rare cell type.
  • Elevated mutation in haploids occurs in late-replicating genomic regions, suggesting involvement of error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the preferential use of TLS repair by haploids explains observed differences in genome-wide mutation patterns between haploid and diploid yeast.
  • To determine the role of the REV1 gene in initiating TLS and its impact on mutation rates in different ploidy states.

Main Methods:

  • Deletion of the REV1 gene in both haploid and diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.
  • Mutation rate estimation using mutation accumulation experiments in both cell types.
  • Comparison of mutation rates between REV1+ and rev1Δ lines across different ploidies.

Main Results:

  • REV1+ haploid yeast showed a 50% higher single nucleotide mutation rate compared to REV1+ diploid yeast.
  • Deletion of REV1 abolished this difference, with mutation rates converging to 2.4 × 10-10 in both haploid and diploid rev1Δ lines.
  • REV1 plays a significant role in mitochondrial genome maintenance in both yeast cell types.

Conclusions:

  • The mutagenic impact of translesion synthesis is significantly greater in haploid yeast, likely due to reduced efficacy of selection on mutation rates in smaller populations or rarer cell types.
  • These findings highlight the differential roles of DNA repair pathways in modulating mutation rates based on ploidy and population dynamics.