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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples
12:47

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Published on: August 29, 2017

Histone Modifications in Mammalian Early Embryos.

Takashi Ishiuchi1

  • 1Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan. tishiuchi@yamanashi.ac.jp.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early mammalian development involves extensive epigenomic reprogramming. Histone modifications reset the epigenome, but key features differ across species, highlighting conserved and divergent reprogramming strategies.

Keywords:
Chromatin dynamicsCross-species comparisonEarly embryogenesisEpigenetic reprogrammingHistone modifications

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
10:09

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

Published on: January 26, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples
12:47

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Protocol for Low-abundance Embryonic Samples

Published on: August 29, 2017

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos
11:02

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Published on: April 29, 2011

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
10:09

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

Published on: January 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Early mammalian development requires significant epigenomic reprogramming.
  • Fertilization triggers the reset of gametic epigenomes to establish totipotency.
  • Histone modifications dynamically regulate chromatin states during this period.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on histone mark dynamics during early embryogenesis.
  • To focus on principles derived from mouse models and their limitations.
  • To discuss species-specific variations in epigenomic reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analyses across mammalian species.
  • Review of studies on mouse embryo development.
  • Examination of histone modification dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Distinctive, transient chromatin states are established in mouse embryos.
  • These states are replaced by canonical patterns around zygotic genome activation.
  • Noncanonical histone domains and imprinting differ substantially between species, including humans.

Conclusions:

  • Histone modifications are crucial for transcriptional control and lineage priming.
  • Epigenomic reprogramming balances erasure of parental memory with preservation of regulatory information.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to comprehending early development across mammals.