Understanding the impact of climate change on mental health from a Canadian perspective: a scoping review

Climate change poses a growing threat to health in Canada through both extreme weather and climate events (e.g. wildfires, floods, extreme heat) and gradual environmental changes (e.g. shifting seasonal patterns, ecosystem degradation). While physical health impacts have been well documented, mental health consequences have only recently gained attention. This scoping review synthesizes research examining how climate-related weather events influence mental health outcomes across diverse populations and regions in Canada.

Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping review framework, 72 studies published between 1990 and 2024 were analyzed. Mental health impacts were categorized by type of weather and climate event and exposure factors, population subgroup, and outcomes according to length of impact.

Depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were the most commonly reported conditions, particularly following wildfires and floods. Climate-related exposures such as property loss, displacement, and disruption of livelihoods were identified as key factors leading to psychological distress. Vulnerable populations-including Indigenous peoples, youth, women, low-income groups, and individuals with pre-existing conditions-were disproportionately affected. Emerging concerns such as eco-anxiety and grief tied to environmental change were frequently reported, especially in qualitative studies. Long-term effects of climate change on mental health were evident in more than half of the included studies, highlighting the enduring nature of these impacts.

Despite growing evidence, gaps remain in understanding region-specific exposures, gradual climate stressors, and protective interventions. This review emphasizes the need for targeted research, policy development, and mental health programming to address climate-related disparities and enhance resilience across Canada's diverse populations.