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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Multi-Locus Sequencing for Strain Typing of Toxoplasma gondii

Multi-Locus Sequencing for Strain Typing of Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: May 26, 2026

High resolution multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Giardia duodenalis assemblage B outbreak and population

Christian Klotz¹, Katja Winter², Marc W Schmid³

¹Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.

Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases

|July 15, 2026

Summary

A new multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme effectively differentiates Giardia duodenalis assemblage B strains. This tool aids in tracking giardiasis outbreaks and identifying infection sources by analyzing allelic sequence heterogeneity (ASH).

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Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Multi-Locus Sequencing for Strain Typing of Toxoplasma gondii

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Published on: May 26, 2026

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Published on: December 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Parasitology
Molecular Epidemiology
Genomics

Background:

Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite causing human giardiasis, a common gastrointestinal illness.
Assemblages A and B are the primary groups responsible for human infections, exhibiting distinct genetic characteristics.
Accurate typing schemes are crucial for epidemiological investigations, including outbreak tracing and source attribution of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify genomic markers for molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B.
To develop and evaluate a novel multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for assemblage B.
To assess the utility of the MLST scheme in distinguishing between epidemiologically related and unrelated isolates.

Main Methods:

Whole genome datasets from 18 axenically cultured Giardia duodenalis assemblage B isolates were analyzed.
Genomic loci were identified, and primer sets were designed for nested PCR and sequencing.
A seven-marker MLST scheme was developed and applied to 146 assemblage B samples, including analysis of allelic sequence heterogeneity (ASH).

Main Results:

The developed MLST scheme successfully genotyped 75% (109/146) of tested Giardia duodenalis assemblage B samples.
Analysis of epidemiologically unrelated samples revealed a bipartite population structure based on low or high ASH.
Samples from a waterborne outbreak and epidemiologically linked cases formed distinct clusters, differentiating them from sporadic cases.

Conclusions:

The novel MLST scheme is informative for molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B.
The scheme effectively distinguishes between different genetic profiles within assemblage B, including those with varying ASH.
This tool can significantly assist in future epidemiological studies, outbreak investigations, and source attribution of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B.