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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
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Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2023
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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

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Published on: January 9, 2016

Replication of "Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment".

Kyle Hyndman1, Alberto Bisin2

  • 1Naveen Jindal School of Management, The University of Texas at Dallas.

Psychological Science
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study replicated research on deadlines and procrastination. Results showed that imposed deadlines had a negligible effect on participant performance and procrastination, failing to replicate the original findings.

Keywords:
deadlinesprocrastinationreplication

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Procrastination is a common behavior that can negatively impact performance.
  • Deadlines are often proposed as a strategy to mitigate procrastination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate Study 2 by Ariely and Wertenbroch concerning the efficacy of deadlines in reducing procrastination.
  • To investigate whether externally imposed, evenly spaced deadlines influence performance metrics and procrastination behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of a previous study on deadlines and procrastination.
  • Involved adult participants from a large public university in the United States.
  • Utilized three performance metrics and several survey metrics for evaluation.

Main Results:

  • The replication failed to reproduce the findings of the original study.
  • Changes in deadline structures had a negligible effect on participant performance and survey responses.
  • Evenly spaced, externally imposed deadlines did not significantly reduce procrastination.

Conclusions:

  • The effectiveness of deadlines in mitigating procrastination may not be as robust as previously suggested.
  • Further research is needed to understand the complex factors influencing procrastination and deadline management.
  • Participant behavior patterns observed were consistent with general expectations, independent of deadline manipulation.