Molecular dialogues in plant rhabdovirus-host interactions

Plant rhabdoviruses comprise a group of economically important pathogens that exhibit a complex dual-host infection cycle across plants and insect vectors, relying on exquisitely adapted cross-kingdom infection and survival strategies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding plant rhabdovirus-host interactions, with a focus on the molecular basis underlying viral manipulation of host functions. We highlight key host factors or subcellular structures hijacked by plant rhabdoviruses to support robust viral replication and intracellular transport. We further explore the diverse counter-defense mechanisms deployed by plant rhabdoviruses to evade or suppress host immunity, including RNA silencing, phytohormone signaling cascades, and autophagy-mediated degradation. Finally, we discuss the intimate insect-virus interfaces, detailing how viral effectors modulate vector feeding behaviors, physiology, and innate immune responses to facilitate persistent, propagative transmission. Collectively, these advances establish an integrated framework for understanding the cross-kingdom pathogenesis of plant rhabdoviruses and provide insights for developing innovative crop protection strategies.